The Human Trafficking Crisis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2166 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Human Trafficking Essay Did you like this example? The fifteenth century marks the introduction of human trafficking in the Americas. Slavery still exists in the United States, and in other countries, and governments are not doing enough about it. Those who think that slavery in America ended with the creation of the 13th amendment couldn’t be farther from the truth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Human Trafficking Crisis" essay for you Create order To fully understand human trafficking throughout the ages; the origin of slavery, aspects of slavery in the United States, the focus of policing human trafficking, and the treatment of victims of human trafficking, must be inspected thoroughly. â€Å". . . Experts estimate that more than half a million women are trafficked across international borders each year and every year 50,000 women are trafficked into the United States.† (Simons, 2010, pg. 65). The governments of all countries need to join together to help better prevent and stop human trafficking, and to create programs for survivors of human trafficking. To completely understand the nature of this matter, the origins of this issue must be investigated. Addressing slavery’s initiation and slavery in Europe, as well as the purpose of medieval slavery are necessary to discovering how governments have not done their part in protecting their people from human trafficking and how they have not assisted survivors of human trafficking in their countries. â€Å". . . As an institution, modern forms of slavery, such as people trafficking, still exist, despite slavery being almost universally banned in societies today.† (â€Å"How Did Slavery Develop?†, 2016). Finally, illustrating how slavery relates to economics, ethics, and American culture, will round out the information. Understanding the concept of slavery means understanding that its origins begin not with the Americas, but seemingly with the very origin of human life. â€Å"Slavery has been an ancient institution that likely goes back to periods of the earliest writing if not originating even before.† (â€Å"How Did Slavery Develop?†, 2016). The system of slavery has been used by mankind for millenniums, and the development of the system is most notably attributed to the necessity to utilize prisoners of war. However, this was not the sole slave source: â€Å"Slavery also developed as a form of punishment for individuals who defaulted on debt. As societies became monetized by the 3rd millennium BCE, slavery became a way in which individuals were punished for falling into debt.† (â€Å"How Did Slavery Develop?†, 2016). Throughout centuries both of these methods are recurring factors in the victimization of individuals trafficked into the slave trade. Medieval Europe is n o different. â€Å"In the earliest part of the Middle Ages, slaves could be found in many societies, among them the Cymry in Wales and the Anglo-Saxons in England. The Slavs of central Europe were often captured and sold into slavery, usually by rival Slavic tribes. Moors were known to keep slaves and believed that setting a slave free was an act of great piety.† (Thought Co., 2017). Modern day slavery still resembles medieval slavery at its core, utilizing unpaid labor to achieve a goal that others do not desire to perform under general conditions. However, modern slavery has an entirely different purpose and target group. Rather than using slavery as a punishment for debtor as has been done in the past centuries, modern day slavery is an exploitation of labor and an exploitation of innocents. This should not be mistaken as heralding slavery of the past as justice of some sort, but rather a statement that in the very least some amount of reason can be attributed to who was enslaved. â€Å"In Brazil, for example, girls may be trafficked for sex work from rural to urban areas, whereas males may be sold to work in the gold mines of the Amazon jungle. In the Ivory Coast, children are frequently sold into slavery to work on cocoa plantations.†(Feingold, 2005) Children, women, and men alike are all sold into varying sorts slavery, few of them ever â€Å"deserving† of such a fate. This target group of modern slavery is simple: anyone is vulnerable. Social and economic class have very little to do with it either, as David Feingold points out: â€Å"To fill the demand for ever cheaper labor, many victims are trafficked within the same economic class. . .†, â€Å". . . In parts of Africa girls from medium sized towns are more vulnerable to trafficking than those in rural villages.†(Feingold, 2005). Where a common fallacy once stood, new light has been shed; anyone and everyone is susceptible to trafficking no matter gender, no matter social class a far cry from the origins of this institution of pain. The institution of slavery in Europe, however, would be overtaken by serfdom. â€Å"[Slavery] began to be replaced by serfdom. Much attention is focused on the serf. His plight was not much better than the slaves had been, as he was bound to the land instead of to an individual owner, and could not be sold to another estate.† (Thought Co., 2017). While serfdom would eventually transition back to slavery after the black plague, there were about to be far more atrocities committed overseas. The American slave trade would be quite different than that of the old world, in particular, the fact that slavery would be confined to a select race. However, the American slave trade was essential to the formation of the strong economic nation that still remains a global superpower: America. The American slave trade helped to kickstart the economy of America, with what was essentially free labor producing the cash crops of the South, slavery is clear contribution to the economics of early America. â€Å"Slavery was an extremely diverse economic institution, one that extracted unpaid labor out of people in a variety of settings . . . This diversity was also reflected in their prices.† (The Conversation, 2017). Yet another facet of the slave trade’s involvement with economics is the actual purchasing and selling of these human beings. This transitions into the ethics of the American slave trade, where we can clearly divine that ethics were not employed. We witness this in particular with the 3/5ths compromise, where people were demeaned to less of human beings than their white counterparts. While these ethics of slavery are in the past, there is still an American culture of racism in our modern day. This in tandem with the unwillingness of people to discuss t he fact that slavery was a very real institution, as seen in the â€Å"McGraw-Hill textbook controversy over calling slaves ‘workers from Africa’†, this culture of unaccountability still exists today because we refuse to acknowledge the failure of past Americans in a sense of moral correctness. â€Å"The elephant that sits at the center of our history is coming into focus. American slavery happened – we are still living with its consequences. I believe we are finally ready to face it, learn about it and acknowledge its significance to American history.† (The Conversation, 2017) This â€Å"peculiar institution† would continue to persevere until January of 1865, when the 13th Amendment was passed, and slavery in America finally became illegal. Even for this amendment, however, the exploitation of human beings in America would not draw to a close. The American government could not have guessed that even after outlawing slavery in the States they would be unable to protect their people from a future, and parallel institution: Human Trafficking. Modern labor and sex trafficking cannot be given a set date, but rather they have both likely existed since the beginning of civilization. Only in recent years have they culminated to a point in which international government intervention is absolutely needed. The reason that a cooperative international effort is needed is because many individual countries, states, and cities are at a loss when it comes to preventing slavery. â€Å"Many local Police forces are scrambling to find or invent their own anti-slavery training.† (Bales and Soodalter, 2009, pg. 180). With a cumulative effort a singular and effective method of anti-slavery training could be developed, this would allow local police departments to focus on the task of utilizing a successful program, rather than squandering considerable amounts of time developing their own programs, which may do more harm than good. Another contributing factor is to human trafficking is that many people are not willing to believe that human trafficking could be happening in their communities. â€Å"It took the arrests of two people for the sex trafficking of two young girls, aged thirteen and seventeen, to awaken Nashville, Tennessee from its complacency† (Bales and Soodalter, 2009, pg. 180). Not only is denial of human trafficking putting the community at risk, it also prevents law enforcement from assisting those already involved in the trade from being rescued. On the other end of the spectrum, the police and the American people ignore the bulk of the issue. â€Å"Although the police recognize the potential for both sex and labor trafficking to occur in their communities, they focus their efforts on the sex trafficking of U.S. minor victims, whom they perceive as the most vulnerable and publicly supported victims.†(Farrell and Pfeffer, 2014). Another threat to salvation is the misinterpretation of human trafficking. â€Å"‘We are not talking about prostitution alone,’ said a counselor who worked with Leticia. ‘What she experienced was slavery. She had no rights, not even over her own body. When a person is forced to submit to sexual exploitation like this, the physical, emotional, and spiritual deterioration is profound.† (Simons, 2010, pg. 63) Finally, the use of human trafficking in order to acquire organs, in particular the kidney, for transplant is hardly recognized. This form of trafficking is severely dangerous to the health of those individuals whose organs are stolen, and is a practice which is banned by the WHO amongst the governments of various other countries (Efrat, 2016). However, this form of organ transplantation rarely takes place outside of developing countries. Fortunately, the organ trade would be considered one of the easiest form of human trafficking to curb. Unfortunately, there is hardly enforcement of the law when it comes to organ transplantation. â€Å". . . Organ trafficking, at first blush, does not look harmful or morally repugnant. Transactions in organs may deceptively seem advantageous to both the organ buyer and seller, although in reality they are far from it. While the notion of buying sex — prostitution — meets widespread disapproval, many people accept the buying of kidneys as a legitimate solution for the shortage of organs for transplantation.† (Efrat, 2016) Human trafficking is one of the most prevalent issues around the globe, the institution of slavery has existed since the dawn of time, and without significant intervention it has persisted to this very day. An end to slavery is feasible and achievable, but no country can do it alone. The only hope for an end to human trafficking is collective government effort specializing specifically in the area of labor trafficking amongst sex and organ trafficking; not only focusing on rescuing those enslaved, but furthermore, the prevention of trafficking and the rehabilitation of individuals who had been trafficked. â€Å"The police must also establish partnerships with groups in the community who are more likely to come into contact with potential trafficking victims.† (Farrell and Pfeffer, 2014). Beginning on a local level and building to a federal, and even global level, awareness must be promoted for this vision to be realised. Given the history of slavery, the obstacle of human traf ficking may seem insurmountable, but with a diligent global effort an end to slavery, a long sought vision, is beyond possible, it is assured. Sources: Farrell, Amy, and REBECCA PFEFFER. Policing Human Trafficking: Cultural Blinders and Organizational Barriers. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science653 (2014): 46-64. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24541774. Feingold, David A. Human Trafficking. Foreign Policy, no. 150 (2005): 26-32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30048506. Wilson, Jeremy M., and Erin Dalton. The Human-Trafficking Markets in Columbus and Toledo. In Human Trafficking in Ohio: Markets, Responses, and Considerations, 11-28. Santa Monica, CA; Arlington, VA; Pittsburgh, PA: RAND Corporation, 2007. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg689oacp.9. Bales, Kevin, and Ron Soodalter. The Slave Next Door. Google Books. Accessed October 23, 2018. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Slave_Next_Door.html?id=J936zQHE44ECprintsec=frontcoversource=kp_read_button#v=onepageqf=false. Mehlman-Orozco, K. (2016, July 29). What happens after a human trafficking victim is rescued? Retrieved from https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/289709-what-happens-after-a-human-trafficking-victim-is-rescued How Did Slavery Develop? How Did Public Sanitation Develop? DailyHistory.org. Accessed December 20, 2018. https://dailyhistory.org/How_Did_Slavery_Develop? Olusoga, David. The History of British Slave Ownership Has Been Buried: Now Its Scale Can Be Revealed. The Guardian. July 11, 2015. Accessed December 20, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/12/british-history-slavery-buried-scale-revealed. Snell, Melissa. Slavery Didnt Go Away When the Western Roman Empire Fell. Thoughtco. Accessed December 20, 2018. https://www.thoughtco.com/chains-in-medieval-times-1788699. Berry, Daina Ramey. American Slavery: Separating Fact from Myth. The Conversation. September 18, 2018. Accessed December 20, 2018. https://theconversation.com/american-slavery-separating-fact-from-myth-79620. Efrat, Asif. Organ Traffickers Lock up People to Harvest Their Kidneys. Here Are the Politics behind the Organ Trade. The Washington Post. December 07, 2016. Accessed December 20, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/07/organ-traffickers-lock-up-people-to-harvest-their-kidneys-here-are-the-politics-behind-the-organ-trade/?noredirect=onutm_term=.343228d1bbd3. Simons, Rae, and Joyce Zoldak. Gender Danger: Survivors of Rape, Human Trafficking, and Honor Killings. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2010.

Analysis Of The Celtic Queen Boudicca Of The Iceni

The Celtic Queen Boudicca of the Iceni earned her place in the history books as a hero of British lore in the years 60 and 61 C.E. After the passing of her husband and king, Prasutagus, the Roman army invaded the new Queen’s land and humiliated her, taking property, raping her daughters, and publicly flogging the Queen herself. Following this crime against humanity, Queen Boudicca vowed to destroy the Roman presence on the Isle of Great Britain. After a year of preparation, Boudicca marched into Roman territory with an army of 230,000. Boudicca â€Å"famously succeeded in defeating the Romans in three great battles† before the Roman governor Gaius Paulinus put down the revolt, â€Å"executing thousands of Iceni and taking the rest as slaves†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Mr. Dahmer definitely intended to kill his victims, and something tells me that 9/11 wasn’t an accident, but what about Tornadoes and other natural disasters? These are not intentional act s, but the product of many variables like temperature, wind direction, season, and many other things. This narrows our definition of evil, but only slightly. Non-human objects or events cannot be â€Å"evil†, but the whole of humanity is left to be discussed. Ask any American to describe terrorists and likely the first word used will be Evil. Of course they are considered evil, the 9/11 attacks resulted in thousands of deaths yet the perpetrators gleamed with pride due to their actions. Despite this, terrorists cannot be placed in the category of pure evil simply due to their reason for their actions, as modern terrorists receive motivation from multiple political and social factors that in themselves can be considered evil. How can someone fighting a perceived evil wear the label of evil themselves? The phrase ‘serial killer’ might as well be a synonym for evil. Even the mention of names like Jeffrey Dahmer and Ted Bundy can induce chills down one’s back. People like these two show no remorse for planning out and executing multiple murders for reasons as simple as personal satisfaction. However, an unseen force other than Evil works on the minds of people like Jeffrey Dahmer: Mental Illness. The brain holds immense potential, but it’s dark side

Consider how far the work of scholars has helped give an understanding of religious experience free essay sample

In a study of 2,500 Finns, one in three (37%) said they had received help from God (Church Research Centre, 2001). Whatever you call this kind of encounter, it would be very difficult to even begin to discuss it at all without a language code to do so. Through â€Å"The Varieties of Religious Experience†, William James gave scholars a framework through which to discourse on religious experience. For example, one of James’ four characteristics of a mystical experience is ineffability, that Paul the Apostle’s religious experience transcends language. However, Pahnke’s features disagree. Alleged ineffability seems far more accurate, as Paul did speak of his experiences, using metaphor to share his conversion story through his epistles. Though the language has helped us to have a more tangible grasp on religious experiences, if those experiences were truly as ineffable as the characteristics claim, we would not be able to speak of them at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Consider how far the work of scholars has helped give an understanding of religious experience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The largest problem with the variety of scholarly definitions is just that, the variety. A discourse between the intimate differences that arise in religious experience provides the topic with a larger context, but it has reached the point of pure self involvement. The language seems more important than its use. The story of the blind men and the elephant, present in Jain, Hindu, Buddhist, and Sufi writings summarises the problem with the language of religious experience. The men are so concerned with talking about what part of the elephant they are holding that they do not see the elephant for what it actually is. Terms like ineffability, noetic quality, transciency, and passivity are defining religious experience into being something specific, rather than capturing its range. Scholarly definitions work in the metaphysical, and accounts of religious experience hardly qualify as empirical evidence. Verificationists like the early Wittgenstein disregard a priori knowledge. Though religious experiences like Saint Bernadette at Lourdes have been â€Å"verified† by the Catholic church, their process for evaluation cannot exactly be called scientific. Private revelations are assessed by clergy and bishops before the Catholic church will give them liturgical recognition, but these men are the link with which we receive God, so there is no stand that could possibly be made against them. The later Wittgenstein would say, however, that the language games of â€Å"religion† and those of â€Å"science† can exist within their own parameters. The way that the Catholic church recognises religious experiences is not scientific, but it sits within its own language game. Even so, an unfalsifiable claim based in metaphysics is hard to place any importance on, as the language required to retell it changes the experience itself. Wittgenstein had another argument, that of â€Å"private language†. Private religious experiences that happen to a single individual, like Sundar Singh’s vision of Jesus, are impossible to recount because they exist in a separate language, not because they are ineffable. A private language is not coherent because it only exists in one person, so we cannot use James’ (or Happold, Otto, or Panhke’s) classification of religious experience to describe it. The only language we can use is our own individual one, and that is not something we can ever share. Some religious experiences happen to multiple people, though. For example, other people were present during Paul’s mystical experience. His travelling companions â€Å"saw the light but did not hear the sound,† but even then, they would all remember the experience differently between those who were present. As well as individual interpretation of events, there is a clear cultural influence. When surgeon Pierre Barbet concluded that a more likely place for nails to be located during crucifixion was in the wrists, the location of alleged stigmatas changed. By simply changing the definition, subsequent religious experiences were altered. Nothing is ever clearly passive due to primary and secondary socialisation. The existence of things in our unconscious, according to Freudian psychology, can lead them to manifest in other ways, so passivity can be seen as nothing more than an illusion. The language that scholars has given us to describe religious experience made it possible for discourse to be had, but is problematic in its usage. As these definitions have become more culturally important they have transcended the purpose of language, which is to retell experience. Instead, we are left with an unclear image of what a religious experience actually is, because it will not fit into the guidelines that have been drawn up.

Political structures and societal structures

Introduction Since ancient times, there has been a close interaction between politics and political structures and societal structures especially religions, communities, and families. Currently, politics and political structures define social institutions like schools, universities, churches, and the corporate world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political structures and societal structures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In accordance with the doctrines of Paine and Rousseau, the US civil rights movement is an example of enlightenment revolution in politics whereby, the oppressed citizens try to seek out for their rights through formation of social groups or contracts Politics, political structure, and the society The organization of all societies is in line with the politics and political structures of a country. The political influence, impact, and stability define the society’s quality. Politics or government determines the stability of any social institution whether private or public. The government runs major social institutions like academic and health institutions. Political appointees, either board of directors or a director head most institutions in the society. Therefore, either directly or indirectly, the institutions comply with government orders therefore losing their independence, which should not be the case. Similarly, all funds for public institutions are from the government’s budget. Therefore, when either there is corruption in form of bribery, nepotism, or racial affiliations among others, the first perpetrators of the vices are the politicians. Self-centered, corrupt, and ‘poor’ political leaders neglect the well-being of the public, which leads to public demonstrations and riots in the society. On the other hand, when the political leaders are transparent, then the society experiences a robust economic growth. Politics define the stabilit y and the upward growth of a nation because the government controls all funds both in private and in public sector through establishment of ministries and the subsequent monitoring of the private sector.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through the constitutions and other laws, the government indirectly runs all institutions including churches and families. Finally, all institutions contain hierarchical systems in their administration, which represents political structure. US civil rights movement as political revolution The US civil rights movement led to the establishment of small social groups to demand for their rights. According to Rousseau, â€Å"man is born free, everywhere he is in chains† (Wraight10), but the formation of social groups to voice out their rights is the best way to fight for freedom. Different groups like the Black Panther Party, Weatherman, and the Young Lords aimed at fighting for the rights of the minority groups in both public and private sectors. Additionally, the social groups were not only fighting for their rights, but also fought for political revolution in the U.S. The groups gained political prowess in different states leading to their ban on grounds that they were a threat to the government and/or national security. Rousseau asserts that in order to achieve freedom or individual rights, man must work with others (Wraight 20). Similarly, Paine argues that people should form political groups to air out their grievances especially when the government does not fulfill their rights (Paine Para.). Therefore, the formation of social and political groups by the civil servants in the US not only complies with Paine and Rousseau’s insights, but also promotes political revolution. Conclusion In summary, politics define the society in terms of both funds and management. Therefore, any default in the government direct ly affects the societal institutions and economic growth of a nation. On the other hand, the civil rights movement in the U.S not only represents the fights for minorities’’ rights, but also the political revolution. Works Cited Paine, Thomas. â€Å"The Rights of Man.† Independence Hall Association, 1990.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political structures and societal structures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wraight, Christopher. Rousseau’s The Social Contract: A Reader’s Guide. London: Continuum Books, 2008. This essay on Political structures and societal structures was written and submitted by user Asher Sheppard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

I am going to examine the time taken for a whole tray of tomatoes Essay Example

I am going to examine the time taken for a whole tray of tomatoes Essay Example I am going to examine the time taken for a whole tray of tomatoes Essay I am going to examine the time taken for a whole tray of tomatoes Essay In this project I am going to examine the time taken for a whole tray of tomatoes to go bad when a single bad tomato is put in a particular position. I will see how this time changes when I vary the size of the tray and alter the starting position. I will start with a small tray and gradually the size of the tray will be larger and also the positions will move from corner to corner, side to side and so on. At the end of this project I want to be able to have a formula which will tell me how long it would take a bad tomato to spread over cover the whole tray when the first bad tomato is placed in a curtain position in the tray. Part 1 The diagram below represents the look of a tray with 16 tomatoes in it. The number 1 is there to show where the first bad tomato began. The other numbers 2,3,4,5 and 6 represent the number of hours that have gone. Therefore for example after two hours in the diagram below in total, which includes the 1 and all the 2s, 4 tomatoes have gone bad. 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 Hours (n) Total No. Of Bad Tomatoes 1st Difference 2nd Difference 1 1 3 2 4 1 4 3 8 0 4 4 12 -1 3 5 15 -2 1 6 16 The table on the previous page tells me what is involved in the nth term. The column labelled 1st Difference tells us the difference between the number of bad tomatoes in the first hour to the second hour and so on. The column labelled 2nd Difference is the difference between the figures in the 1st Difference column. When the differences become the same this is when I can stop. If there was a 2nd Difference column then that means there will be a 2 involved in the nth term. In total there are only 3 starting positions. They are one in the corner, one next to it on the side and one of the four squares in the middle. The tray above in a 4 x4 and in total it took 5 hours for all the tomatoes in the tray to go bad. The table just above this paragraph shows the total number of bad tomatoes. The columns towards the right hand side determine what the nth term will involve. If there are two differences that means the nth term will involve a 2. Now I am going to look at the same size tray with the bad tomato starting in another position. We can see now long it will take all the tomatoes in the tray to go bad. 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 6 5 4 3 7 6 5 4 Hours (n) Total No. Of Bad Tomatoes 1st Difference 2nd Difference 1 1 2 2 3 1 3 3 6 1 4 4 10 1 3 5 13 1 2 6 15 1 1 7 16 As it is possible to see from the table above there are two differences, which means that the nth term will involve 2. Now that I have found out that there is a 2 involved in the formula. I will now draw out a table in which I will find out the formula through trial and error. To begin with I will double the number and then 2 it. When I begin to see that there is something there I will 2 it and then double to try to get to the right number. n nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-n nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+n (nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+n) / 2 t 1 1 0 1 2 4 2 3 3 9 6 6 4 16 12 10 5 25 20 13 6 36 30 15 The nth term is: Part 2 Now I am looking at different sizes of trays and different positions in the tray. The first size I am going to look at is: 10 x 10 and the bad tomato will be positioned in the corner. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 9 10 10 Now I am going to find out how many differences are involved. Hours (n) Total No. Of Bad Tomatoes 1st Difference 2nd Difference 1 1 2 2 3 1 3 3 6 1 4 4 10 1 5 5 15 1 6 6 21 1 7 7 28 1 8 8 36 1 9 9 45 1 10 10 55 Now I know that there is a 2 involved in the formula as there are 2 differences. So I will now place the numbers in table to find out the formula. To begin with I will double the number and then 2 it. If that does not work I will try to use different ways such as 2ing and then misusing the n number. N nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-n nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+n (nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+n) / 2 T 1 1 0 2 1 1 2 4 2 6 3 3 3 9 6 12 6 6 4 16 12 20 10 10 5 25 20 30 15 15 6 36 30 42 21 21 As it can be seen I found the formula in four steps and these steps I may use in other trays further in this project. The nth term is: nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+n 2 So by putting the numbers we know in the formula (hours) we can find out how many tomatoes go bad in particular number of hours in a 1010 tray with the bad tomato starting in a corner. Now I am going to look at another position on a 10 x 10 tray. The position I am going to look as is starting from the middle. 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 4 5 5 4 5 5 Now like previously in this project I am going to find out how many differences are involved so I can work out the formula. Hours (n) Total No. Of Bad Tomatoes 1st Difference 2nd Difference 1 1 4 2 5 4 8 3 13 4 12 4 25 4 16 5 41 6 61 7 85 8 113 9 145 10 181 As you can see from the table above there are two differences which means there is a 2 involved in the formula. The table on the next page will show my working outing out and how I got the formula. N nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+n nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-n 2(nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-n) 2(nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-n)+1 t 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 4 6 2 4 5 5 3 9 12 6 12 13 13 4 16 20 12 24 25 25 5 25 30 20 40 41 41 The nth term is: 2(nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-n)+1 Now I am going to use the same size tray, which is 10 x 10, and place the bad tomato on the side. 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 Now like previously in this project I am going to find out how many differences are involved. Hours (n) Total No. Of Bad Tomatoes 1st Difference 2nd Difference 1 1 3 2 4 2 5 3 9 2 7 4 16 2 9 5 25 6 36 7 49 8 64 9 81 10 100 As it is possible to view, there are also two difference here just like the others we have seen so far. It is also possible to see from the table above that the formula is not going to be very complicated. N nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ t 1 1 1 2 4 4 3 9 9 4 16 16 5 25 25 6 36 36 The nth term is: nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Conclusion: I have looked at different ways by which the bad tomatoes can spread. All of the nth terms above are not for a particular size tray. Even though I said I used a 10 x 10 tray that was only to start off with. In fact all the formulas above are really for large trays. I believe the main reason behind this investigation is to find out the a formula that by just knowing the size of the tray and exact position in the tray of the bad tomato will tell how long it will take for all the tomatoes to go bad. Before I write down the formula I will tell you how I arrived at it. The formula will tell you how long it will take to make all the tomatoes in the tray go bad. Firstly the formula should involved the size of the tray e.g. 6 x 8 and also must involved the starting position of the first bad tomato. Now that I have explained what have got to be in the formula, well, here it is. (a-x) + (b-y) a and b stand for the width and depth of the tray. x and y stand for the positioning of the first bad tomato. So, for example if we take a 8 x 6 tray with starting bad tomato at the position (4,4) the working to find how long it will take for the whole tray to go bad should look like: (a-x) + (b-y) (8-4) + (6-4) Answer: 6 hours

Bernard Cornwells Sharpe Books in Chronological Order

Bernard Cornwell's Sharpe Books in Chronological Order Bernard Cornwells books about the adventures of British soldier Richard Sharpe during the Napoleonic Wars have been enjoyed by millions, mixing – as they do – a combination of action, combat, and historical research. However, readers can have difficulty putting the many volumes into chronological order, especially as the author has written many prequels and sequels. The following is the correct historical order, although they all stand alone. As youll see by scanning below, the Sharpe series now begins with adventures in India, before moving on to the Napoleonic setting that made Cornwells name; theres also a post-Napoleonic book at the end. All of which begs the question, where is it recommended you start? If you intend to read the whole series, then starting with Sharpes Tiger is a good idea because you can then go through in order as Sharpe grows. But if you want to see if you like the books, or if you want to jump into the Napoleonic Wars, then we actually recommend Sharpes Eagle. Its a strong story and its quintessential Cornwell. TV Adaptations Its also worth pointing out that the main volumes were all filmed for television in the 1990s. Although the signs of a modest budget are present, these visual adaptions are very good, and the boxset is also highly recommended by me. What might confuse people is there were later television shows using the now older actor, but drawing on the prequel books - none of which are essential. Sharpe in Chronological Order Sharpes Tiger: Richard Sharpe and the Siege of Seringapatam, 1799Sharpes Triumph: Richard Sharpe and the Battle of Assaye, September 1803Sharpes Fortress: Richard Sharpe and the Siege of Gawilghur, December 1803Sharpes Trafalgar: Richard Sharpe and the Battle of Trafalgar, October 1805Sharpes Prey: Richard Sharpe and the Expedition to Copenhagen 1807Sharpes Rifles: Richard Sharpe and the French Invasion of Galicia, January 1809Sharpes Havoc: Richard Sharpe and the Campaign in Northern Portugal, Spring 1809Sharpes Eagle: Richard Sharpe and the Talavera Campaign July 1809Sharpes Gold: Richard Sharpe and the Destruction of AlmeidaSharpes Escape: Richard Sharpe and the Battle of Busaco, 1810Sharpes Fury: Richard Sharpe the Battle of BarrosaSharpes Battle: Richard Sharpe and the Battle of Fuentes de OÃ ±oro, May 1811Sharpes Company: The Siege of BadajozSharpes Sword: Richard Sharpe and the Salamanca Campaign June and July 1812Sharpes Skirmish (short story): Richard Sharpe and the Defens e of the Tormes, August 1812 Sharpes Enemy: Richard Sharpe and the Defense of Portugal, Christmas 1812Sharpes Honour: Richard Sharpe and the Vitoria Campaign, February to June 1813Sharpes Regiment: Richard Sharpe and the Invasion of France, June to November 1813Sharpes Christmas (short story)Sharpes Siege: Richard Sharpe and the Winter Campaign, 1814Sharpes Revenge: Richard Sharpe and the Peace of 1814Sharpes Waterloo: Richard Sharpe and the Waterloo Campaign 15 June to 18 June 1815Sharpes Ransom (short story, appears in Sharpes Christmas)Sharpes Devil: Richard Sharpe and the Emperor, 1820-21

Wal-Mart Stores Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wal-Mart Stores - Research Paper Example The perpetual inventory system, according to Buckfelder (2010) requires advanced technology such that a company should have the POS system or aided by the presence of RFID (radio frequency identification) checkers allowing the sale of the products to be recorded immediately.  The use of RFID checkers is introduced by the company in 2003 in its efforts to overhaul the world’s supply chain.   According to Chim (2003), RFID is expensive (costing about 30 cents per electronic tag) and Wal-Mart is expected to throw in a lot of investment for this inventory system.   However, Chim believes that there are more considerable paybacks that could be gained by Wal-Mart in return for its costs.   RFID, according to him is a system that makes inventory management more efficient by allowing manufacturers to trail the flow of goods.   Advantages of REID to Wal-Mart, according to Chim (2003), is the substantial cost savings of about 6 % to 7% that would amount to $1.2 to $1.3 billion (using the 2002 financial figures as basis) This savings would come from costs associated from transporting, storing and keeping track of goods that has been estimated at 10% of overall sales.   Kang, P. (2006) reported benefits gained by Wal-Mart in sales growth are due to significant inventory reduction, among others. The effectiveness of the Wal-Mart Inventory system could also be measured by its inventory turnover that means the relative amount of the cost of goods sold to inventory. It is also an indication of the effectiveness of inventory management.... Advantages of REID to Wal-Mart, according to Chim (2003), is the substantial cost savings of about 6 % to 7% that would amount to $1.2 to $1.3 billion (using the 2002 financial figures as basis) This savings would come from costs associated from transporting, storing and keeping track of goods that has been estimated at 10% of overall sales. Kang, P. (2006) reported benefits gained by Wal-Mart in sales growth are due to significant inventory reduction, among others. The effectiveness of Wal-Mart Inventory system could also be measured by its inventory turnover that means the relative amount of the cost of goods sold to inventory. It is also an indication of the effectiveness of inventory management as it shows of the number of times the inventory is created and bought by customers at a specified time. It is computed by getting the cost of goods sold divided by inventory. The inventory turn over of Wal-Mart for 5 years is presented below: In million $ 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Revenue 408,214.0 404,374.0 377,023.0 348,368.0 312,101.0 Cost of goods sold 304,657.0 304,056.0 284,137.0 263,979.0 237,649.0 Inventory 33,160.0 34,500.0 35,159.0 33,685.0 31,910.0 Inventory turn- over 9.18 8.81 8.08 7.83 7.44 Source of financial data: msn.com. (2010) Wal Mart Stores, Inc. Financial Statement. As compared to the benchmark of competitors in the industry that is 7.9 %, Wal-Mart has a higher turn-over ratio that emphasizes efficiency in turning inventories into cash faster (msn.com. 2010). It is observed that the inventory level of Wal-Mart gets lower over the five years operations and at the same time, its inventory turn over gets higher. Disadvantages.

Restaurant design issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Restaurant design issues - Essay Example The problem is in choosing the right kind of lighting. 4. Acoustics can make or break a restaurant. If the restaurant is too loud, then people will not want to eat there, unless the theme is that the restaurant is fun and vibrant. The right acoustics is essential to the success of the restaurant. Concept One of the most important aspects of design of the dining room is what concept is the restaurant going for? The concept is important because all the other aspects of the dining room would play off of this (Walker, 2005). Walker (2005) describes what a restaurant concept is, and how designs might change according to the concept that is conceived by the restaurant designer. He describes concept as â€Å"the matrix of ideas that constitutes what will be perceived as the restaurant’s image† (Walker, 2005, p. 51). A restaurant should aim for a concept that is different than other competing restaurants, while also being better than these other restaurants. The elements of con cept are atmosphere, menu, location, marketing, image and management. Examples of concepts include family restaurants, romantic restaurants, fun restaurants, formal restaurants, and, within each of these broad categories are sub-categories that help further define the restaurant. The concept should be clear-cut, in that the symbols, furnishings, service and everything else about the restaurant should be integrated into the proper image that is conveyed to the patrons about the restaurant. In other words, the restaurant should have some kind of theme, character or purpose (Walker, 2005). Walker (2005) lists some of the concept restaurants that have been successful, such as Planet Hollywood restaurants, Lettuce Entertain You restaurants, and different restaurants that are owned by celebrities. He also states that one of the most successful restaurant chain concepts is that of the Hard Rock Cafe. This was a chain that was founded in London in 1971, and each of the restaurants boasts ro ck ‘n’ roll memorabilia and a generally loud and boisterous atmosphere. Therefore, when beginning with the different dining room elements, one must first begin with what kind of concept the restaurant has. This will dictate the three elements that will be explored further in this essay – color schemes, lighting and acoustics. Obviously, a restaurant that has a concept as a family restaurant would have different lighting, color schemes and acoustics than would a restaurant that is being marketed as formal, or a restaurant that is marketed as fun - such as a Hard Rock Cafe or Planet Hollywood. Color Color schemes is the first element that must be considered. According to Piotrowski and Rogers (1999), color schemes need to reflect the overall concept and type of restaurant, as well as take into consideration the current color trends. The color scheme may be unexpected or traditional – for instance, in a Chinese restaurant, the traditional color scheme is red and gold. Unexpected colors might be mauve and walnut. This can work two ways – on the one hand, unexpected color schemes set the restaurant apart from other Chinese restaurants who stick with the more traditional schemes. On the other hand, this kind of color scheme might turn off the patrons who have come to expect the more traditional color scheme. Piotrowski and Rogers (1999) recommend studying color psychology before deciding upon the restaurant color scheme – certain colors stimulate appetite, other colors are soothing, and

Health Care Communication Methods Essay Example for Free

Health Care Communication Methods Essay Every day in the health care field, professional have to choose the most effective communication method when communicating to other professionals, patients, patient families, and the general public. Different circumstances have very specific methods of communication that need to be utilized for communication to be effective. Furthermore, in the health care field the regulations of HIPAA have to be considered to ensure that certain information is being protected as well as identity of people pertaining to the health scenarios. Further will be discussed the methods of communicating in the health care field, the advantages and disadvantages of using traditional, electronic, and social media for health care communicating, and the effects of HIPAA and other regulations on the use of media in the health care field of communicating. Communication coordinators of any health care field have to decide often which methods of communication he or she would have to utilize and the rules and regulations that govern those methods. In one scenario, a communication coordinator that works for a national drug manufacturer has received report that there has been a report of significant negative side effects caused by one of the medications that is used by a large population of people and one including a well-known public figure. News reports having been reporting that of the possible individuals who have been taking this particular drug is effected by the side effects. The communication coordinator has to decide how to address the news reports and the general public about this situation. There are many different ways to communicate with the general public regarding the scenario described. As mentioned before the communication coordinator has to reach out to the general public regarding a medication that was distributed by a national drug manufacturer company that lead to significant side effects. Some of the different methods of communication using media are campaigns, medical journals, news reports, blogs, and other social medias. For the specific scenarios described previously it would be best to use the ampaign method. A campaign would be used to increase awareness, create a better understanding, modify attitude, and modify behavior (Health Industry Communication, Ch. 5). This method may be used when reaching out to a significant sized population. â€Å"The communication program will target whom, to help them understand, believe, or do what, by informing them of messages, through messengers and channels, to result in objectives† (Cheesebro, T. , O’Co nnor, L. , Rios, F. , 2010, Ch. 5). The objective of utilizing the campaign method would reach out the larger population through possibly multiple different media methods, instead of just one or two. When considering using different types of media and which ones to include and exclude when communicating through media, it is important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of traditional, electronic, and social media. Traditional communication methods are the most common methods of communicating. This includes newspaper, journals, magazines, television, radio, and etc. While this might be considered one of the most effective methods compared to electronic and social media, there are disadvantages as well as advantages of traditional communication. One advantages of using traditional communication methods is this can reach a larger population which would then decrease the time it takes to reach the population by some other methods of communication. Another advantage of using traditional communication method is a larger part of the population uses this as resources to gain information for different point of interests. One disadvantage of using traditional communication methods is that it can be costly compared to some other communication methods. â€Å"Traditional medias have a high effect in creating awareness and influencing the attitude of the audience† (Tiwari, Singh, Tiwari, 2003, p. 2). Electronic communication method also can be an effective way to communicate to the general public. Electronic communication includes email, phone calls, text messaging, video calling, and etc. Although not every method of electronic communication would be considered effective for scenario previously described, some such as email would assist with retrieving audience attention. Just like any other communication method, electronic communication method also has its advantages and disadvantages. An advantage of electronic communication method is it creates direct communication methods to the intended audiences which can begin to change audience attitude towards a circumstance before any other communication tactic takes into effect. One disadvantage of using electronic communication is there is a large section of the population that does not have access to electronics such as computers and internet. This population does not also have access to email and may not have easy access to a phone. Those people would then be more difficult to reach out to (Tiwari, Singh, Tiwari, 2003). Another disadvantage may be the low literacy and language barrier of the population. Social media communication method is another way to communicate to the general public under different circumstances. Social media communication includes social sites such as Facebook, Twitter, online video sharing, podcasts, blogs, and etc. Although this may be an effective way to communicate to the public, there are advantages and disadvantages that come with social media communication. According to CDC (2011), In the last several years, the use of Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and other social media tools to disseminate health messages has grown significantly, and continues to trend upward. Using social media tools has become an effective way to expand reach, foster engagement and increase access to credible, science-based health messages† (4). This also has an advantage because it reaches a larger population at a faster rate and costs less than some other methods of media communication. A disadvantage of using social media method in communication is the credibility of the resources may be still questioned by a large portion of the population. Another disadvantage of using social media communication is it may not reach all of the population to whom the topic is regarding. HIPAA plays a significant role in media communications. The essential functions of HIPAA regulations protect the privacy rights of patients and its users. When communicating health information, all health providers and any participants of health communication must ensure that the facts they wish to release are authorized and as accurate as possible (Nhanet, 2012). Any information released about any patients must be authorized by patients through written authorization and must follow federal and state guidelines. HIPAA prohibits any person communicating about health to public to disclose any information about patients even if it is general speaking of the patient. According to Hader and Brown (2010) â€Å"Healthcare providers using social media must remain mindful of professional boundaries and their patients privacy rights† (p. 1). In conclusion, communicating through different media methods can be a useful source to communicate effectively to the public. Some methods are better than other, however all methods have different advantages when communicating to the public. There are also many disadvantages that are to be considered when implementing each method. There are also HIPAA regulations that have to be followed when communicating about patients or to patients regarding any facts and issues. The media is a way to communicate to a significant sized population when HIPAA laws are followed.

College Admissions Essay: I Will be an English Teacher :: College Admissions Essays

I Will be an English Teacher "Most of the change we think we see in life is due to truths being in and out of favor." -- Robert Frost I felt trapped, immobilized, confused. It was my senior year in high school. My friend Nancy aptly described me as laboring under a "stupor of thought." Finally, I did the one thing that held any promise of relief - I decided to become an English teacher. I didn't just switch oars in the middle of the stream; I switched to an entirely different river. Throughout high school, instructors and classmates have said to me, "You know, you'd make a great teacher." That's nice, I'd say, but I already have a plan, a nice, sensible plan: earn a degree in accounting, marry my love of music to my skill with numbers and computers, and become the financial manager for a non-profit music arts organization. I outlined my plan in essays. It was a good plan, a sensible plan, a righteous plan. I can't change now. It's too late, too late! It's too late...isn't it? After three years of resistance, my passion for learning and literature and my experiences as a student finally defeated my sensible plan. I decided it was not too late. I would become a teacher - truth be told, I already was. Outside the classroom, I wore teacher-ness on my sleeve. Volunteering in the school office, I'd chat with the students about their classes. They'd moan about the speech class they intended to put off as long as possible. I'd counter with tales of giving my instructional speech on Japanese style gift-wrapping - the women in the class produced beautifully wrapped gifts, but the men were all thumbs! "Gee, you make it sound cool. Have you ever thought about teaching?" Oh no, not me. I'm going to be an accountant. The drive to learn more and share what I learned exposed me. After fulfilling the algebra requirement, I realized that I enjoyed algebra. So I took more math classes, just for the fun of it. I stayed up late, working additional problems, caught up in the thrill of understanding. I became an unofficial tutor, helping my classmates with factoring and linear equations. It was fun helping them learn. Whipping around the room from one student to the next was exhilarating! "Have you ever thought of becoming a math teacher?

Fyne Piece of Marketing Case Study

CASE STUDY 1. 1 A ‘FYNE’ PIECE OF MARKETING As the strode purposefully into the board room to make his presentation to the firm’s monthly director’s meeting, Fred Fahr, General Manager of Fyna Foods Ltd, felt just great. His confidence was that of someone who knows he has faced a problem and come up with the right answers. ‘Ladies and gentlemen,’ he began, ‘as you are aware, two months ago we were given the opportunity to supply the Beefies Hamburger Chain with their new Supa-Long French fries.At the time, we all agreed this was great potential business for Fyna Foods, but that it also posed a major problem for us – what to do with the excess potato left over after we supply Beefies with the extra-length fries. Unfortunately, we still haven’t been able to come up with a perfectly square potato! To dump this excess material would mean almost certainly making a loss on the Supa-Long Fires business. I am very pleased to be able to report to you today; however, that my team has come up with what we feel is a pretty fine solution. Fred deliberately paused as he sensed the increased air of anticipation around the table. Even old Thomas Fynaski, the firm’s octogenarian founder, seemed to rouse himself from his doze. ‘We found the answer by combining the excess potato material with other vegetables to create a breakfast burger,’ Fred went on. ‘I have to say the lab boys have done a really good job and created a product that Fyna Foods can be proud of. My family doesn’t usually eat hot breakfasts, but we all tried some the other morning and agreed they were really quite nice.Once we had the product developed I gave it to our marketing people and they’ve decided to call it â€Å"Bubble and Squeak† – it’s what we used to call leftovers back in the 1960s. I am sure we all remember when we were kids,’ he joked, ‘how good leftovers used to tas te the next morning. We’ve decided to advertise it as â€Å"The delicious breakfast alternative to bacon and eggs†. ’ ‘What about the factor? ’ one of the director asked. ‘This product doesn’t look like anything we produce at moment. ‘Well, you know how our Production Department’s managers are,’ replied Fred. ‘If the factory had its way, we’d never produce anything that wasn’t quick and cheap to run through the machines. Anyway, we have agreed to pack the new line in boxes of 24 burgers, which nicely fits our packaging machinery. The factory were pleased with that. ’ ‘How do the numbers stack up, Fred? ’ asked Daphne Green, the Finance Director. ‘Pretty good, actually,’ Fred replied as he flicked up a chart. See, we start with the excess potato tonnage from the Supa-Long contract. That’s equivalent to sales about 400,000 packs of Bubble and Squeak in the fir st year. We think the Supa-Long contract is going to grow at about 10 percent per annum, so we also need to budget to increase Bubble and Squeak’s sales by that amount each year. We do have a bit of problem with price, which I’m still working on. The Sales Department is concerned it won’t be able to move these volumes of product at the price the accountants have given us.I’m not too worried about that, though, because the product development people, in their normal way, have produced a super premium quality product in the test kitchen – a bit too good, really, for the market we’re aiming at. I’m confident that we can play around with some of the ingredients and quantities and get the product costs down to a level that Sales can live with. ‘We’ve got a few rough edges to smooth off,’ concluded Fred. ‘But, overall I think we’ve come up with an excellent solution that lets us take on the Supa-Long contrac t and gives us a great new product for Fyna Foods. There was a general murmur of approval around the table. As it subsided, however, Fred noticed that Bill Wyse, the recently retired Marketing Director of a large transnational food business had his hand raised waiting to catch the chairman’s eye. As silence returned to the room he spoke for the first time during the meeting. ‘Well, Fred,’ he said quietly. ‘You’ve obviously put a lot of work into this. I can tell you feel you’ve done a great job. But in my humble opinion, you don’t seem to appreciate what marketing is all about. ’ Questions 1.Collect three descriptions of marketing, one from a text, one from a marketing practitioner, and one form someone who does not work in the marketing fied. Which perception seems the closes to Fyna Foods team’s activities on the Bubble and Squeak project? Justify your choice. 2. From the perspective of Bill Wyse, what differences are th ere between the production stage, the selling stage and the marketing stage of marketing management evolution? 3. In what areas might a food manufacturing company such as Fyna Foods be subject to societal criticisms?

Early Hominids and Tools

Early Hominids and Tools Jacky Thompson ANT 101 March 20, 2013 Even though humans seem to be the most advanced creatures walking this earth, we certainly had ancestors before us. We share similar genetic information of other animals. They are what we consider early hominids. Early hominids date as far back as 6 to 8 million years ago. Just like humans, they had to have some type of culture in order to survive and make a living. Culture is defined as a dynamic adaptive process of learned, shared, and integrated behaviors.But it is not so obvious that these hominids had culture, so the presences of stone tools and home bases might be the answer to determine if they had culture. Tools are defined as a device or implement used with the hand, to carry out a specific function. Primates learn and share in certain culture, but their social behavior is not as complex as those of humans. The earliest hominids were classified as Australopithecus, which is a type of ape. Scientists claimed that their brains were not big enough to fathom the thought of making tools. Perhaps they used tools to hunt animals.The animals that later hominids hunted were used for food and maybe the furs were used for clothing. This is what we consider hunting and gathering. It is a technique in which the men are responsible for hunting while the women gather the resources. In order for them to hunt they must have had tools to help them kill and clean animals. This process of hunting can be learned and passed on through generations, which are basic parts of culture. The use of tools allowed or ancestor’s opportunities to hunt and do other useful things that were off-limits before the use of tools.Scientist still really does not have clues as to how and why this transition took place. The actual history and time comes from the actual tools themselves. The act of making tools is an example of how developed our ancestor’s brains were. To actually create the thought of making tools and t o figure how they will be designed is a significant development in itself. This symbolizes culture because the process of making tools was probably passed down to generations, and they became better at using and making better tools.Early hominids used stone tool making. This is the deliberate fashioning of a stone into an actual tool. Throwing or bashing the stones against something created it. Archaeologists recognized four types of tools: choppers, flake tools, crude tools, and hand axes. Mostly found in Africa and the Middle East. Early hominids probably made tools with sticks, wood, horn, and other perishable materials. Besides previous uses of tools mentioned, they were also used for fishing out termites and other insects.These tools were supposedly long blades of grass that had been licked, and stuck into holes to get termites, which they ate in order to get proteins and the nutrients they needed. Besides humans, species in the animal kingdom, also shared culture behavior. Thi s was mainly seen in chimpanzees. Scientist often compared the culture of the two. Chimps are genetically the closest related relatives to humans, sharing 98 percent of our DNA. Seeing as to they were this closely related to us, of course they would be capable of making tools like earlier hominids did.Chimps made weapons to hunt. They hunted in things like nuts, fishing for termites. And just like earlier ancestors who ate them, the chimps did also. They choose branches, stripped it of its leaves, trimmed it, and put it to use. Unlike hominids, it is not really successful for chimps to hunt. This might be so because their brain is not as developed as ours. They mostly go after available resources such as, fruits and branches. Males used methods such as grabbing prey and killing it, while the females created the tools that were useful for catching the prey.Now, to the actual cultural behaviors of both humans and chimpanzees, we have a few behavior patterns in common. Humans have the ability to throw things, and more precisely, they are able to aim at an actual object then throw. Chimps have also showed this type of behavior. This type of behavior is not one that is passed on through genetics, but it is socially learned. Like little children who look at their parents, and mirror their actions, baby chimps also learn to do the same thing. So in this case, cultural is socially gratified even though it is not as complex as humans.Both species evolved upright or bipedal. Another culture characteristic is the way chimps wake. This gives us an idea of how our early ancestors begin walking. They no longer walked on all fours, they being to free their hands in order to carry valuable resources. Other characteristics include emotions. Chimps have ways to show fear, often displayed with a small smirk, just like humans. Perhaps this is a mechanism used not to show fear. They can also contract similar illnesses that humans have such as HIV and hepatitis but they do not show symptoms of the viruses.Much like institutionalized humans, chimpanzees whose social, intellectual, and physical, needs are not met, they show behavioral symptoms of stress. Chimpanzees exhibit such behaviors, as self-mutilation, continual rocking, and aggression. These are socially learned mechanisms within cultures. Evidence of early hominids have been seen everywhere, but to actually distinguish if they have cultural behavior is hard. Just like hominids, chimpanzees share, almost the same amount of DNA, giving them a better chance to act out as humans, versus other animals.Even though we share a fair amount of DNA, while chimpanzees are further studied, it is becoming more apparent that their intelligence is higher than we previously thought. Talking, for instance, is not a hard task for hominids, but for chimps, it is believed that they have the learning capacity to use spoken language, but their throats and vocal cords are not designed to make consonant noises and sounds. This eliminates the possibility of chimps actually being able to talk. However, chimps in opposition have been taught to understand English, communicate through with certain keypads, acknowledge certain symbols, and use sign language.Since early hominids were descendants of the same common ancestor as chimps, they most likely had the same resources available to learn the same things as humans did. Another thing that hominid cultures find to be normal is to let the male wander off while the females stayed put in a specific area. Chimps use a similar type method. Instead of the male going out to gather sources and goods, the female traveled while the male held the home base. Another behavior characteristic that we share is socializing. Chips show this by grooming, chasing, or playing.Like hominids they too, show affection, which includes kissing and hugging. Perhaps chimps use grooming to connect, while hominids were more successful through talking. We both show facial expression, and sho ckingly, language. Instead of verbal sounds, chimps make grunts and screams. When it came to hominids and chimps hunting, they both searched for meats and plants, making the both of them omnivorous. Even though many humans would prefer eating meats, chimps lean more towards fruits. One of the most common similarities of the wo are bipedalism. This is the act of walking on two legs. Chimps would be seen most of the time walking on all fours but they use bipedalism to further ahead of themselves. When comparing these two species we are able to find so many similarities. With almost the same amount of DNA, the resemblance is shocking. We both have the ability to hunt, walk on two legs, eat similar foods, and we lack a tail. Our behavior is learned, and shared. Chimpanzees and early hominoids, take on the responsibility of hunting and providing for there offspring.They both had the ability of making and using tools. Perhaps they inherited this ability from some common ancestor. Since ch imps did not learn from humans, we can accept the fact that we are related and originated from a common ancestor. Culture is socially stratified, thus making it important for chimps and humans to adapt to the social norm in order to communicate. So the presence of stone tools, and home bases do suggest that we both had culture, and I can conclude the fact the early hominids and chimps cultural behavior did strongly compare.

How to Demonstrate That Air Has Mass

How to Demonstrate That Air Has Mass Air is the sea of particles in which we live. Wrapped around us like a blanket, students sometimes mistake air as being without mass or weight. This easy weather demonstration proves to younger students that air does indeed have mass! In this experiment, two balloons, filled with air, will be used to create a balance. Difficulty: AverageTime Required: Under 15 minutes Materials Needed 2 balloons of equal size3 pieces of string at least 6 inches longA wooden rulerA small needle Getting Started Inflate the two balloons until they are equal in size and tie them off. Attach a piece of string to each balloon. Then, attach the other end of each of the strings to the opposite ends of the ruler. Keep the balloons the same distance from the end of the ruler. The balloons will now be able to dangle below the ruler.Tie the third string to the middle of the ruler and hang it from the edge of a table or support rod. Adjust the middle string until you find the balance point where the ruler is parallel to the floor. Once the apparatus is completed, the experiment can begin.Puncture one of the balloons with the needle (or other sharp object) and observe the results. Students can write their observations in a science notebook or simply discuss the results in a lab group.To make the experiment a true inquiry experiment, the objective of the demonstration should not be revealed until after students have had a chance to observe and comment on what they have seen. If the purpose of the experi ment is revealed too soon, students will not have the chance to figure out what happened and why. Why It Works The balloon that remains full of air will cause the ruler to tip showing that the air has weight. The empty balloon’s air escapes into the surrounding room and is no longer contained within the balloon. The compressed air in the balloon has a greater weight than the surrounding air. While the weight itself cannot be measured in this way, the experiment gives indirect evidence that air has mass. Tips In the inquiry process, its best to not reveal the objective of an experiment or demonstration. Many teachers will actually cut off the title, objective, and opening questions for lab activities so that students observe the experiments knowing the outcome will help them to write their own title and objectives. Instead of standard after-lab-questions, ask students to complete the missing title and objectives. It is a fun twist and makes the lab more creative. Teachers of very young students can even play this up creating a scenario in which the teacher accidentally lost the rest!Goggles are recommended for young students. When the balloons are blown up to a large size, small pieces of latex could injure the eye. Its also a good idea to use something other than needles to bust the balloon. Go around the classroom and check on the apparatus set-up. Then, once the apparatus meets the standards, the teacher can bust the balloon.

Depreciate vs. Deprecate

Depreciate vs. Deprecate Depreciate vs. Deprecate Depreciate vs. Deprecate By Maeve Maddox The words depreciate and deprecate are from different Latin originals, but the difference in meaning between them is being eroded in popular usage. Depreciate is from Latin depretiare, a combination de (from) and pretium (price). â€Å"To depreciate† is to become less in value. Example: â€Å"It’s often said that a car depreciates as it is driven off the dealer’s lot.† Depreciate is used transitively with the meaning, â€Å"to lower the value of.† Example: â€Å"The latest crisis depreciated the currency.† Figuratively, depreciate means, â€Å"to belittle or disparage.† For example, â€Å"No matter what I do, he depreciates my efforts.† Deprecate is from Latin deprecari, a combination of de (from, away) and precari (to pray). â€Å"To deprecate† something was to â€Å"pray it away.† The word entered English in the 17th century with the meaning, â€Å"to pray against evil, to pray for deliverance from.† For example, one might go to church to â€Å"deprecate God’s judgment,† that is, pray that it might be averted. Deprecate has the secular meanings â€Å"to plead earnestly against† and â€Å"to express earnest disapproval of.† For example, â€Å"We deprecate the harsh action taken against the local population.† Speakers do not always see a difference between depreciate (to belittle) and deprecate (to disapprove of). Because the distinction is a fine one, the words have become mixed up. As a plain verb, deprecate is not as common as it was in the 19th century, but its present participle form occurs in the popular adjective self-deprecating. As defined at the online Oxford Dictionaries site, self-deprecating means â€Å"modest about or critical of oneself, especially humorously so.† Here are two recent examples of the usage: The iconic comedian [Joan Rivers]  passed away today at 81, but she leaves behind a legacy of unrestricted humor and self-deprecating wisdom. â€Å"Humor is an amazing quality to have,† Kunis told  Glamour. I like sarcasm, satire, self-deprecating humor.† In researching this post, I found several depreciatory comments directed at speakers who write self-depreciating instead of self-deprecating. The sarcasm that accompanies some of these comments is misplaced. According to the Ngram Viewer, self-depreciating predates self-deprecating by 20 years. For about 100 years, beginning in 1845 and continuing until the 1940s, self-depreciating is the more common term; then, self-deprecating soars to its modern ascendency and self-depreciating plummets. Etymologically speaking, self-depreciating is the better choice, but self-deprecating has triumphed in standard speech; self-deprecating is the version to use if you don’t want to seem ignorant. Merriam-Webster, by the way, defines self-deprecating as â€Å"given to self-depreciation.† Computer science has found a new use for deprecate: deprecated (adjective): Used typically in reference to a computer language to mean a command or statement in the language that is going to be made invalid or obsolete in future versions. Examples of deprecated in the context of computer science: A program element annotated @Deprecated is one that programmers are discouraged from using, typically because it is dangerous, or because a better alternative exists. Compilers warn when a deprecated program element is used or overridden in non-deprecated code. Apple has officially deprecated Java, the cross-platform runtime environment developed by Sun and now owned by Oracle, and the company has decided not to include Adobe Flash technology on its new super-slim MacBook Air notebook computers. Bottom line: to deprecate is â€Å"to disapprove,† but in â€Å"self-deprecating,† it means, â€Å"to belittle.† In the world of computing, deprecated means â€Å"phased out† or â€Å"soon to be phased out.† Depreciate is for talking about loss of monetary value. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should Avoid8 Writing Tips for Beginners20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

Write a critique on a Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write a critique on a Film - Essay Example White (Tom Hanks) who is the band’s second manager, Faye Dolan (Liv Tyler) Jimmys girlfriend and the bands "costume mistress", Tina (Charlize Theron) Guys girlfriend, Guy Patterson (Tom Everett Scott) the drum player in the band and Steve Zahn (Lenny Haiser) the guitarist and backing vocals of the group. In the year 1964, Guy Patterson (Tom Everett Scott) is a jazz drummer working at his family’s Erie, Pennsylvania Appliance store. Because the regular drummer of the band (Giovanni Ribisi) has broken his arm, Lenny Haise (Steve Zahn) and Jimmy Mattingly (Johnathon Schaech) approach Guy Patterson to ask him to sit in with their band at the annual Mercyhurst College talent show (Maslin, 1). During rehearsals, the group carefully rehearses a sensational ballad titled â€Å"That Thing You Do.† Faye Dolan (Liv Tyler), Jimmy’s girlfriend suggests that the group call themselves â€Å"The Oneders†. She is inspired by Guy’s great performance at the rehearsal. After a brilliant rehearsal, Guy messes up in the talent show by playing a faster tempo for â€Å"That Thing You Do! than in rehearsals. The audiences react negatively to the song, but Oneders eventually emerge the winner of $100 top prize. After the talent show, the group started playing gigs, they pl ayed at a local pizza parlor as their first gig. Maslin (1) reveals how they started selling a single of â€Å"That Thing You Do! with the help of Guy’s Uncle Bob (Chris Isaak). The single attracted the attention of Phil Horace (Chris Ellis) the local manager. Horace signs the group to bigger gigs and they are given airplay of the single. The band is offered a contract with Play-Tone Records by Mr. White (Hanks), they sign the contract and change their famous band name to â€Å"The Wonders† in order to avoid confusions. The group then is faced with internal disagreement which leads to their fall. Jimmy

Persuade your employer that you deserve a raise OR Persuade a family Essay

Persuade your employer that you deserve a raise OR Persuade a family member that the world today is a better than it was 50 years ago - Essay Example Not all people considered going to school a basic life requirement. Only a few people who were enlightened went to schools to gain knowledge. Let us look at our grand parents and some uncles and aunts for example. There is none we can talk of as an educated person, those who afforded to go to school got minor education and surrendered in the long run. The schools were also not developed such that they only had limited resources therefore offered little knowledge. People relied on the indigenous knowledge which though was effective to some extend, could not be applied to solving all of the issues the society faced. The society was so backward such that new advancements tools were only owned by the educated in the society, simply because they were the only ones who could operate them. Poverty for example, which is highly associated with lack of education, was part of the society whereby, to most people poverty was a norm. People only relied on the products of nature. Compare this scenario to the contemporary society where going to school is like a norm. Every individual in the present society is expected to have basic education. Some countries have even gone to the extent of providing free basic education to ensure every individual gets a chance of going to school. Laws have also been formulated to ensure people get educated. The modern schools also have resources that ensure students get quality education. Look at the current advancements whereby each day comes with its own technological advancement. Today things that were rare such as media tools are a thing of the past. You only choose to be poor since I believe every individual has his own ability to make money. For instance, according to the World Development report, knowledge is intangible, light and weightless. With this knowledge still, some people still living in poverty. This therefore means that knowledge is able to counter poverty,

Problems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems - Assignment Example Since the producers are producing Q3, their revenue will rise substantially since all their produce is sold off. On the other hand, consumers would only consume Q2; implying that they are in the same position as before. The loss experienced by taxpayers result from the fact that they are the one financing the purchase of the surplus cheese through payment of higher taxes (David, 2003). b) When the price floor is at $10, new market price will be 10 dollars. This is because the price floor is binding. Taking into consideration that the quantity demanded of Frisbees are only 2 million at a price floor of 10 dollars, 2 million is the quantity demanded. The imposition of tax drives a wedge of 2 dollars between the supply and demand. Consumers pay price P2 whereas producers pay P-$2. Due to increase in price, the quantity of beer sold decreases to Q2 (David, 2003). b) The demand curve for typewriters, substitute goods, will shift to the left as a result of decrease in the computer price (David, 2003). Thus increase in the supply of computers will decrease the demand of typewriters. Hence typewriters producers should be sad. Both quantity supplied and price will decrease. d) Yes, the analysis do explain why software producer Bill Gates is one of the richest men. With advancement in technology, cheaper computers are made making people want more user-friendly software and operating systems. Thus Bill Gates who produce most popular operating systems and software make a lot of money from

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) | Essay

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) | Essay Introduction The Social determinants of health (SDOH) are a group of factors that impact health and wellbeing of an individual. Child development is influenced by various aspects starting from birth, biology, genetic characteristics, gender, culture and family values. The Family provides adequate support systems by various means such as socioeconomic resources, ideal family environment and effective parenting skills. A community’s health and social development depends on healthy living and health services available to them (McMurray Clendon, 2011). The health burden of disease and causes of major health inequalities arises from the environment in which an individual is born, raised, grown and worked. Theses factors are referred to as SDOH. SDOH consist of a number of structural conditions. The model representing cascade of bubble demonstrates how SDOH are interrelated to each other. It is observed that if there are any political or environmental changes, all structural determinants are affected (Wilcox, 2007 as cited in McMurray Clendon, 2011). Primary health care (PHC) is aimed to create healthy communities. PHC approach is best described by multi-level health promotion model. Primary prevention is attained through upstream actions which are aimed to promote and maintain health. This is achieved through providing a healthy environment, health services and education for healthy living. Secondary prevention/midstream actions are providing treatment for illness and further prevention of disability. Tertiary or downstream actions are basically rehabilitation services or educating the community to cope with disability conditions (McMurray Clendon, 2011). This essay outlines the effect of housing on health of the community. Improving the housing condition is primary prevention through upstream actions. To improve health and reduce inequalities, a coordinated approach is required to address SDOH which has direct effects on structural determinants. House designs should be made by taking into account health and well being. The infrastructure planning for housing designs which should include insulation, ventilation, sewage system, public spaces as well as community’s participation in their health development project should be encouraged. The health of an individual, families and the community can be improved by well designed, insulated houses and community health services. (WHO, 2011; Chapman Bierre, 2008). The US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention also emphasised on approach to promote health by improving housing and living conditions. The visits to emergency and stay in hospital with serious acute medical illness is shorter with improved living conditions as opposed to those who lives in poor housing (Thomson, Thomas Petticrew, 2009; Sadowski, Kee, VanderWeele Buchanan, 2009). The research study has indicated that people migrated to better housing has improved health outcomes and are also exposed to less substance abuse, violence and less neighbourhood problems as compared to their original living conditions. Government generated social and health policies directly affect the quality of life and living conditions of the community, and also the economical status of the family significantly influence an individual’s health. A co-ordinated action is required from the Policy makers, health service providers and leaders from various sectors to utilise their knowledge to enhance better living conditions bringing the best population health outcomes (Williams, Costa, Odunlami Mohammad, 2012). The importance of living and working conditions, indoor environment, safe neighbourhood, healthy lifestyles in general and respiratory health in particular is a major concern these days. The predominant factors increasing the risk of asthma and respiratory problems are moisture damage in the house and bacterial growth. The studies have shown a close association between mould, dampness and asthma in children. Damp houses resulting in mould and microbial growth are the predisposing factor resulting in wheezing in adults and infants. In a survey carried in NZ homes reported 35 % of moulds clearly visible in the living area or bedrooms. NZ has been reportedly having higher asthma rates in the world, which is contributed by poor living conditions. Damp and cold houses support the bacterial growth, providing favourable media for mould, bacteria and dust mites. Young children spend more time at home as compared to adults, There is a significant effect of damp houses on respiratory system, t hus the incident rate of bronchitis and wheezing illness is more common in children. It is suggested, if people will be provided with better housing and insulation, respiratory symptoms will reduce by 33% (Keall, Crane, Baker, Wickens, Chapman Cunningham, 2012). It has always been stated that population of health is largely impacted by quality of housing where they live. If people living in substandard housing or poor living conditions could be provided with better housing, insulation and ventilation, It could potentially prevent ill health. There was a cluster randomised trial for housing, insulation and health study of insulating houses of communities with low socioeconomic status. A Community based approach is effective mean of improving health rather than an individual focused e.g. Insulating houses are more effective than providing people with more clothes. Older aged, infants and children spend more time in houses, thus they have to bear the physiological stress due to their weaker immune system. This research also reports an association of cold, damp houses likely to get bacterial and mould growth, eventually causing respiratory problems. Several international report highlight poor insulation, damp, cold and mouldy houses leading to p oor health. People with insulated houses and better living conditions were less likely to be admitted to acute wards with pulmonary and obstructive airway diseases. The results interpreted in studies of the insulated housing affecting health were significant with improved outcome measures, except for the use of medical facilities. This study was conducted in uninsulated old houses with cold and dampness, where at least one member has respiratory problems, Increased warmth and decreased humidity brought improved health conditions. Population living in well designed and insulated houses reported significantly less cold and dampness however People in insulated houses also reported that their houses felt significantly less damp and mouldy, however this study does not determine essential determinants involved. Although this study greatly emphasise the effect of living in cold and damp houses resulting in pulmonary conditions such as asthma, cough and wheezing (Chapman et al., 2007). A study conducted by Kearns, Smith and Abbott on Pacific population showed substandard living conditions as compared to Maori and European population. Pacific people are at a great risk of developing asthma, cold and flu (as cited in Butler, Williams, Tukuuitonga Peterson, 2003). Studies have reported a close relationship between cold, damp houses and respiratory diseases. Researchers also highlighted the association of poor housing with mental health and maternal health. Statistical analysis showed cold/damp houses a potential risk factor for asthma and postnatal depression. The pathophysiology of the respiratory symptoms is triggered by an allergic reaction to fungi or dust mites (Butler, Williams, Tukuuitonga Peterson, 2003). A major British cohort study has reported an evidence of poor living/housing conditions are growing over the life, of course, and can impose serious health effects on an individual and family. Thus, interventions to improve housing could measure better effects. Providing insulation for houses for the community with low economic conditions is a cost effective intervention to promote health and well being. It should be widely accepted by the community for their own health, policy makers and leaders to make strategy for healthy measures (Chapman et al., 2007). Conclusion The health of the community is greatly influenced by SDOH more than medical care. As above stated, quality of life is significantly affected by the society and the environment in which they live and work. The burden of disease and ill health can be reduced by improving the housing environment. Medical care and accessing physician is not affordable to all, however better housing conditions can effectively reduce the financial burden on the health sector. Hence, the individual and the community should be encouraged to participate in health programmes for the promotion of their health and wellness. Reference List Butler, S., Williams, M., Tukuionga, C., Paterson, J. (2003). Problems with damp housing among pacific families in New Zealand. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 116 (1177), 1-8. Retrieved from https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/4653/12861308.pdf?sequence=1 Chapman, P. H., Bierre, S. (2008). Reducing health inequalities by improving housing. In Dew, K., Matheson, A. (Eds.), Understanding health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 161-173). Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press. Chapman, P. H., Matheson, A., Crane, J., Viggers, H., Cunningham, M., Blakely, T.,Davie, G. (2007). Effect of insulating existing houses on health inequality: cluster randomised study in the community. BioMedical Journal. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39070.573032.80 Keall, M. D., Crane, J., Baker, M. G., Wicken, K., Chapman, P. H., Cunningham (2012). A measure for quantifying the impact of housing quality on respiratory health: a cross sectional study. Environmental Health, 11 (33), 1-8. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1476-069X-11-33.pdf McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2011). Community health and wellness: Primary health care in practice (4th ed.). Sydney, Australia: Elsevier. Sadowski, L, S., Kee, R. A., VanderWeele, T. J., Buchanan, D. (2009). Effects of a housing and case management program on emergency department visits and hospitalizations among chronically ill homeless adults: A randomized trial. Journal of American Medical Association, 301 (17), 1771-1777. doi: 10011/jama.2009.561 Thomson, H., Thomas, S., Sellstrom, E., Petticrew, M. 92009). The health impacts of housing improvement: A systematic review of intervention studies from 1887 to 2007. American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 681-691. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143909. Willimas, D. R., Costa, M. V., Odunlami, A. O. Mohammed, S. A. (2008). Moving upstream: How interventions that address the social determinants of health can improve health and reduce disparities. Journal Public Health Manag Pract, 14, S8-17. doi: 10.1097/01.PHH.0000338382.36695.42 World Health Organization. (2011). Closing the gap: Policy into practice on social determinants of health: discussion paper. Retrieved from https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/bitstream/10665/44731/1/9789241502405_eng.pdf 1

Personal Essay: Prejudice -- Personal Narrative

I. BACKGROUND   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The location was a moderate to large size city near the east coast of Massachusetts. The city has a mix of all races and is diverse in its racial distribution. It is a city where most of the people are middle class working folks. While it is a moderate size city, it has few city problems such as homelessness, poverty and violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The year was 1992 and it was the summertime. It was very hot and humid at about 11:30 at night and I was in a car driving around looking for something to do. It was a boring Tuesday night so I decided to go to a big video arcade hangout called Funworld. There is a number of video games as well as young people. The establishment is a large building with a large parking lot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was with three other people in the parking lot when we were approached by a group of three other gentlemen. I myself am a caucasian male under 21 years of age. Two of the people I was with were upperclass caucasian males also under the age of 21. The last person was also under 21 and male, but he was African-American. One of the caucasians was a close friend and another was an acquaintance. The African-American was also a friend of mine. Of the three gentlemen that approached us, two were hispanic males that appeared to be over 21 and the other was a caucasian male that appeared over 21, although I couldn't be sure. Although I didn't want to make any judgements about them, they looked as if they were poorly dressed and over 21. So I deduced that they were in a gang or they were drug dealers, high school dropouts, etc.;. II.ACTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first it appeared as if both groups would just pass by each other unnoticed but the caucasian male in the other group made a racist remark about my African-American friend. He said "Look at those dumb dudes walking with that fucking spade". My African-American Dave turned around suddenly and said "What the fuck did you say?" The caucasian male retorted "None of your fucking business dick!" At this point both groups approached each other and then my friend Dave said "You wanna go", in response the other kid said "Let's go!" and shoved him in the chest. The other two of the caucasian male's friends jumped on top of Dave and then we all kind of got into a fight. We were mostly just pushing and shoving each other at first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After about a minute of pushing... ...his fight alone was a melting pot of individuals. I think in my mind that the fat that Dan was white affected his decisions, not in a big way, but in some sort of way. I don't really know about the other three, but as for Chris and I, race affected us in terms of white and hispanic because that's who we were mad at the most. I don't know why this would be the case, but it just was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that African-American viewing this would have felt the most strongly. The event they would have sen unfolding in front of them would have hurt a lot. They would have jumped in to help not only my friend Dave but also all of us because we were all trying to fight for the same thing out there. African-American's also would have been puzzled as to why one white man would help out a black man but not two. The way events unfolded would have made them think twice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In an odd way I feel another thing that would have made people jump in to help was the fact that a caucasian and an African-American were fighting for each other . As much as we hate to admit it that is not a scene we see nearly enough of in this day and age. Something has got to be done about it immediately.

Personality Biases of Accounting Students: Some Implications for Learning Style Preferences

The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1362-0436. htm CDI 13,4 Factors in? uencing career choice of management students in India Tanuja Agarwala Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Abstract Purpose – This paper aims to explore the in? uence of a range of factors on the career choice of management students in India. The importance of different individuals in the family and at work in making career choices among these students is also to be explored.In addition, the study seeks to address the relationship of the cultural values of individualism-collectivism and the protean/conventional career orientations of MBA students from India, with factors as well as people in? uencing the choice of a career. Design/methodology/approach – Participants consisted of 93 students from India entering management, who were starting their ? rst year of the two-year full time MBA program. Self-administered questionnaires were used to gather data on factors and types of relationships in? encing career choice, individualism/collectivism, and protean/conventional career orientation. Findings – â€Å"Skills, competencies, and abilities† was the most important factor and â€Å"father† was the most signi? cant individual in? uencing the career choice of Indian management students. The predominant cultural value was collectivism, although the students demonstrated individualist tendencies in some contexts. A protean orientation guided the career orientation of these students. Research limitations/implications – The data were collected only from one management institute in India.Originality/value – Empirical research on factors and types of relationships in? uencing career choice, and their correlates, has not been conducted among Indian students. The paper addresses this issue and the study has implications for career counseling. Keywords Careers, Career g uidance, National cultures, Students, India Paper type Research paper 362 Career Development International Vol. 13 No. 4, 2008 pp. 362-376 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1362-0436 DOI 10. 1108/13620430810880844Introduction Globalization has brought about a radical transformation in what organizations need to do to maintain their competitiveness. As managerial skills become crucial for organizations to achieve success in a competitive and turbulent business environment, there has been a sharp rise in the demand for managerial professionals worldwide. Sturges et al. (2003) proposed that the MBA degree imparts certain key competencies to students. These competencies may be of key signi? cance in the career success of students as â€Å"management† has gained in importance over other forms of professions.Industry demand for new managerial resources in India far exceeds supply. According to one estimate, the total number of entry-level managers needed by corporate India every y ear stands at 2,735[1]. But the best business schools in India produce about 1,740 managers in any given year. This demand-supply gap, amounting to almost 36 percent, has resulted in competition for scarce managerial talent, high levels of attrition, and an increase in the compensation levels of managerial professionals.For a large number of students in India, a managerial career has become the most preferred career choice. The emergence of management as a formal education is fairly recent, yet the MBA degree has emerged as one of the most sought after higher educational quali? cations. There was a 55 percent increase in the number of institutes imparting management education in India between 1999/2000 and 2005/2006. More than 100,000 students are studying towards an MBA degree in approximately 1,200 institutions offering MBA degrees in India.Business factors coupled with several sociocultural changes have led to changing career preferences among young people in India. An individual ’s choice of career is likely to be in? uenced by several factors, including personal and cultural values, family background, career expectations, etc. Studies have been conducted in different cultural contexts to determine the range of ? factors that in? uenced students in making career choices (Ozbilgin et al. , 2005; Kyriacou et al. , 2002; Ozkale et al. , 2004). However, a literature review suggests that no empirical study has been onducted among management students in India in order to understand their subjective view about why they choose to pursue a career in management. The main purpose of the present study was to identify important factors that in? uenced the choice of career of students pursuing an MBA degree in India, and the role that various people and relationships played in their career choice. The study also attempted to explore the dominant cultural values of the students along Hofstede’s individualism-collectivism dimension, as well as the strength of their protean career orientation.An attempt was also made to examine whether there was a relationship between individualism versus collectivism as a cultural value and protean versus conventional career orientation of management students in India with the types of factors, people and relationships that are likely to play an important role in their career choice. Gender differences among the Indian MBA students were also explored. Career choice of management students 363 Theoretical background â€Å"Choice† means â€Å"selecting or separating from two or more things that which is preferred† (Webster’s Dictionary, 1998). Career choice† involves choosing one occupation over another. Hence, in order for â€Å"career choice† to take place, two conditions are necessary: (1) availability of alternative career options; and ? (2) an individual/personal preference between these career options (Ozbilgin et al. , 2005). The numbers of career options/alternativ es available to an individual at any given point in time are in? uenced by external factors (labor market, state of the economy, etc. ), as well as individual factors (education, family background, attitudes, etc. . Career choice, therefore, is not unbridled. Rather, career choices are often constrained by sociocultural factors (Swanson and Gore, 2000), individual factors, personal and cultural values, signi? cant relationships, and structural factors such as barriers faced by women in certain careers such as management. Most career choice research has focused on predicting career choice behaviors based on personality or demographic ? variables (Ozbilgin et al. , 2005). Studies attempting to identify career choice in? encing factors have focused largely on individuals’ aptitudes, interests, opportunities, etc. CDI 13,4 364 Factors in? uencing career choice Few studies have examined the factors that in? uence career choice. Previous studies have identi? ed a number of varied f actors that in? uence students’ career choice (Ginzberg, 1951; Super, 1957; O’Connor and Kinnane, 1961; Paolillo and Estes, 1982; Felton et al. , 1994). The most widely used classi? cation in career choice studies is the three-dimensional framework by Carpenter and Foster (1977) and Beyon et al. (1998).The three factors are: (1) intrinsic (interest in the job, personally satisfying work); (2) extrinsic (availability of jobs, well paying occupations); and (3) interpersonal (in? uence of parents and signi? cant others). Some research evidence exists to show that sociocultural, economic, and political changes affect the career choices of young people. Bai (1998) found that the market economy changed the values of university students who put self-interest before societal interests, and rated money and power as the primary motivators in ? nding a job. The relative in? ence of various factors on the career choice of students has been found to ? vary across cultures (Ozbilgin et al. , 2005). Most research on career choice has been conducted on occupational groups such as accountants and healthcare professionals (Carpenter and Strawser, 1970; Paolillo and Estes, 1982; Gul et al. , 1989; Bundy and Norris, 1992; Auyeung and Sands, 1997; Morrison, 2004). Barring a few studies ? (Simmering and Wilcox, 1995; Moy and Lee, 2002; Sturges et al. , 2003; Ozbilgin et al. , 2005; Pines and Baruch, 2007), the career â€Å"choice† of MBA students and the factors in? encing this choice have rarely been addressed. The subject matter is worth exploring since the MBA degree has raised management to professional status, offering management graduates a gate to a fast-track managerial career. There is no data about the factors that in? uence career choice of students in India. The in? uence of relationships on career choice Relationships constitute an important dimension of human functioning, yet the interest in understanding how relationships and careers are intertwi ned has increased only in recent years (Blustein et al. , 2004; Schultheiss, 2003; Phillips et al. 2001; Schultheiss et al. , 2001). Most research efforts in the area have focused on how relationships and networks are conducive to career mobility and advancement. The role of relationships in making career choices has been overlooked. There exists a need to direct research efforts to exploring the types of relationships that matter, and why they are signi? cant in making career choices. The present study speci? cally aims to explore the relative importance and in? uence of different relationships (mother, father, relatives, colleagues, etc. ) in making career choices among Indian MBA students.Individualism-collectivism, and factors and relationships in? uencing career choice Culture is an important determinant of how people think and behave, while â€Å"values† are â€Å"broad tendencies to prefer certain state of affairs over others† (Hofstede, 1980). Cultural values a re likely to have an impact on the factors and relationships that in? uence career related choices of students. Studies have focused on the cultural dimension of individualism-collectivism (I/C) as an important determinant that in? uences career â€Å"choice† of students from countries that vary along the I/C dimension.These studies have examined cultural variations in factors in? uencing career choice ? (Auyeung and Sands, 1997; Ozbilgin et al. , 2005). The I/C dimension, ? rst measured empirically by Hofstede (1980), describes how individuals relate to others and to society, and represents the extent to which they are emotionally and cognitively attached to a particular network of individuals. According to Hofstede’s empirical index for the dimension, Western countries (the USA, the UK, Australia) cluster toward the individualist end while Asian nations (such as Japan, Taiwan and India) cluster toward the collectivist end. Individualism† refers to the tendency of people to consider their own interests only, to view themselves as â€Å"independent† of organizations, and to place a higher value on self-reliance and individual action. â€Å"Collectivism† refers to the inclination of people to view themselves as â€Å"interdependent† and as part of a larger group, and to protect the interests of group members. Therefore, preferences for social in? uences in making career choices may also differ in individualistic versus collectivistic cultures. Research examining the differential role of peers, colleagues, mentors, managers, etc. in career decision-making is limited. Related research suggests that there is a positive relationship between collectivism and family relatedness, and individualism and peer relatedness ? n, (Benet-Martinez and Karakitapoglu-Aygu 2003; Kwan et al. , 1997). Some studies have treated I/C as an individual difference variable (Ramamoorthy and Carroll, 1998; Ramamoorthy and Flood, 2002), suggesting th at even within a country considerable variability may exist in cultural values at the individual level. These differences may have an effect on individual’s attitudes and behavior.It may be inferred, therefore, that variability in I/C is likely to exist in the sample of Indian management students, and this variability may have an effect on what factors and relationships are likely to in? uence these students in their choice of career. Career orientation and career success â€Å"Career success orientation† may be described as â€Å"the way people de? ne their success at work and that individual perceptions of career success re? ect individual values, attitudes and motivation with respect to both work and life in a broader sense† (Derr, 1986).This orientation provides a guide to action, and hence is similar to an attitude (McGuire, 1985), which has a cognitive component (a set of beliefs about the career), an evaluative component (a sense of what would be a  "good career† or a â€Å"bad career† for oneself), and a behavioral component (an action tendency or a predisposition to behave in certain ways). There are two types of career orientations: (1) protean (new career orientation); and (2) conventional (traditional organizational orientation). Hall ? rst described the protean career in 1976.According to Hall (2004), a â€Å"protean† career is one that is managed proactively by individuals (self-directed) according to their own personal values (values driven), rather than by organizational rewards. Core protean values are freedom and growth (Hall, 1976, 2002), and the main criteria of success are subjective (intrinsic/psychological success) and not objective (extrinsic/material). A protean career orientation re? ects the extent to which an individual adopts such a perspective to their career (Briscoe and Hall, 2006). Career choice of management students 365 CDI 13,4 66 A conventional career orientation de? ned career success in terms of measurable objective factors such as salary, recognition, or number of promotions (Gattiker and Larwood, 1988). The core value of conventional career orientation is â€Å"advancement†. Even though career success has been researched extensively since the 1950s, the study of subjective and objective career success did not start until 1988 (Gattiker and Larwood, 1988), and until 2002, none of these studies involved collecting the participants’ own (subjective) view of their measures of career success.The current study aims to explore Indian management students’ subjective view of career success and also attempts to understand the relationship of their career success orientation with the factors and relationships in? uencing career choice. Method Sample characteristics and data collection The sample[2] consisted of 93 management students at the University of Delhi, India, who were starting their ? rst year of a two-year full time MBA degree progr am. Questionnaire responses were obtained from 99 students, of which 93 were Indian citizens. The other six students were foreign students from Nepal, Sri Lanka and Canada.For the purpose of the present paper, only the responses of the Indian citizens were analyzed. Hence, the total sample size was 93, of whom 50. 5 percent (n ? 47) were male, and 49. 5 percent (n ? 46) were female. Their age ranged from 20 to 27 years, with an average age of 22 years and two months. The majority of the students (31. 2 percent) were 21 years of age and Hindu (88. 2 percent) by religion. All the students were unmarried. The majority of students (n ? 65; 69. 9 percent) belonged to families in which the father was serving as an employee in either a technical or a professional capacity.Only 18 students (19. 4 percent) had a business background, with their father being self-employed or an entrepreneur. Of a total of 93 students, 42 students (45. 2 percent) had non-working mothers and 43 had working mothe rs, of which 37. 6 percent (n ? 35) were in the employment of others, 6. 5 percent (n ? 6) were self-employed, and 2. 2 percent (n ? 2) were working part-time. A total of 43 students came from families where both parents were working, either in the employment of others or owning their own business. Each student was asked to complete a questionnaire within the ? rst 20 days of joining the full-time, wo-year MBA degree program. The data for the present article was collected in July 2006. Measures ? Factors in? uencing career choice. The 14-item scale developed by Ozbilgin et al. (2004) was used to obtain data on the degree to which various factors in? uenced the career choice of the students sampled. Each item on the scale corresponded to a career choice factor. The reliability of the scale, as evidenced by Cronbach’s a, was 0. 66. Relationships in? uencing career choice. The in? uence of certain individuals (relationships) such as father, mother, friends, colleagues, etc. on s tudents’ career choice was assessed through a nine-item questionnaire (a ? 0:65). Individualism-collectivism. Cultural values on Hofstede’s individualism-collectivism dimension were measured using a 16-item questionnaire developed by Triandis and Gelfand (1998). Cronbach’s a for eight individualism items was 0. 59, and for eight collectivism items it was 0. 62. Career orientation. A 13-item scale developed by Baruch (2006) was used to measure career orientation, with nine items measuring a protean view of a career and four items measuring a traditional view of a career. Cronbach’s a for protean items was 0. 5, and for traditional items a was 0. 81. Responses on all the questionnaires were obtained on a seven-point Likert scale where 1 ? strongly disagree/not at all important, and 7 ? strongly agree/very important. Results Factors in? uencing career choice The means and standard deviations of the 14 factors that in? uenced the career choice of MBA students in India are presented in Table I, for the total sample and by gender. As is evident from Table I, MBA students from India rated their â€Å"skills, competencies, and abilities† as the most important career choice in? uencing factor, followed by â€Å"education and training† and â€Å"? ancial rewards in this career†. Separate analyses by gender showed that male and female Indian MBA students differed in the factors they rated as the most important in in? uencing their career choice (see Table I). Male students rated â€Å"? nancial rewards in this career† as the most important factor in their career choice decision followed by â€Å"Quality of life associated with this career† and â€Å"skills, competencies, and abilities†. For female students, â€Å"skills, competencies, and abilities† and â€Å"education and training† were the most important factors. T-tests revealed two factors – â€Å"Quality of life associated wi th this career† (t ? :98; p , 0:05) and â€Å"Financial rewards in this career† (t ? 2:37; p , 0:05) – that were signi? cantly more important determinants of career choice for male as compared to female MBA students in India. No other career choice factors revealed signi? cant gender differences. For both male and female Indian management students, as well as for the total sample, â€Å"lack of access to other career options† was the lowest rated factor in their Total sample (n ? 93) Mean SD 6. 04 5. 90 5. 82 5. 77 5. 70 5. 58 5. 46 5. 39 5. 13 4. 59 4. 31 3. 71 2. 94 2. 48 1. 07 6. 04 1. 31 1. 30 1. 40 1. 53 1. 52 1. 57 1. 52 1. 47 1. 93 1. 89 1. 66 1. 60Career choice of management students 367 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Factors in? uencing career choice My skills and abilities My education and training Financial rewards in this career I have a free choice in making my career decisions Quality of life associated Promotion opportunities Training and education My love of this career Success stories of friends, family My knowledge of the labor market My ? nancial/economic condition Ease of access to this career Chance, luck or circumstances Lack of access to other career options Males (n ? 47) Mean SD 5. 96 5. 77 6. 13 5. 72 5. 98 5. 83 5. 17 5. 30 5. 04 4. 36 4. 23 3. 66 3. 09 2. 1. 02 1. 29 0. 82 1. 26 0. 99 1. 15 1. 48 1. 60 1. 44 1. 54 1. 95 1. 82 1. 47 1. 55 Females (n ? 46) Mean SD 6. 13 6. 04 5. 50 5. 83 5. 41 5. 33 5. 76 5. 48 5. 22 4. 83 4. 39 3. 76 2. 78 2. 35 1. 13 1. 43 1. 62 1. 34 1. 68 1. 81 1. 52 1. 55 1. 60 1. 37 1. 94 1. 96 1. 84 1. 65 Table I. Means and SDs: factors in? uencing career choice of Indian MBA students CDI 13,4 career choice. â€Å"Chance, luck or circumstances†, â€Å"ease of access to this career†, â€Å"? nancial and economic condition†, and â€Å"knowledge of labor and/or career market† were also not perceived as having an important in? uence on their career choice . Role of relationships in in? encing career choice Table II presents the means and standard deviations with respect to the in? uence of individuals and relationships on career choice of Indian MBA students for the total sample and by gender. It is evident from the results that â€Å"father† exerted the greatest in? uence on the career choice of students in India, for both male and female students. For female students, the second most important in? uence was that of the â€Å"mother†. However, for male students, â€Å"friends†, that is, the peer group, played a more important role than the â€Å"mother†, and was second only to the â€Å"father† in their career choice decision. Managers† and â€Å"relatives† were the least important in in? uencing the career choice of all Indian management students. t-Tests revealed no signi? cant differences between male and female students in the in? uence of relationship types (father, mother, work c olleague, etc. ) on career choice. Cultural values and career success orientation Table III presents the descriptive results for individualism/collectivism (I/C) and for protean/conventional career orientation. The mean scores on Hofstede’s I/C dimension suggest that Indian MBA students were moderately high on both individualism (mean ? 0:52) and collectivism (mean ? 42:82), with a slightly higher score on 368 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Individuals/relationship types Father Mother Friend/s Fellow students Teacher/mentor Work colleagues Signi? cant other/partner Another relative Manager Total sample (n ? 93) Mean SD 4. 76 4. 23 4. 13 4. 03 3. 60 2. 94 2. 68 2. 63 2. 63 1. 94 1. 90 1. 89 1. 83 2. 03 1. 90 2. 22 1. 83 1. 94 Males (n ? 47) Mean SD 4. 57 4. 19 4. 32 4. 00 3. 83 3. 20 2. 61 2. 37 2. 63 2. 03 1. 87 1. 83 1. 68 1. 98 1. 85 2. 22 1. 72 1. 98 Females (n ? 46) Mean SD 4. 96 4. 26 3. 93 4. 07 3. 37 2. 68 2. 75 2. 9 2. 63 1. 85 1. 94 1. 95 1. 98 2. 08 1. 94 2. 24 1. 92 1. 92 T able II. Means and SDs: relationships in? uencing career choice of Indian MBA students Table III. Means and SDs: cultural values and career orientation of Indian MBA students Indian MBA students Total (n ? 93) Males (n ? 47) Females (n ? 46) Cultural values Individualism Collectivism Mean SD Mean SD 40. 52 40. 98 40. 04 5. 77 5. 69 5. 87 42. 82 42. 63 43. 00 5. 77 5. 37 6. 20 Career orientation Protean Conventional Mean SD Mean SD 48. 85 49. 38 48. 30 6. 33 5. 78 6. 87 19. 80 20. 26 19. 33 4. 86 3. 85 5. 72 collectivism.A paired t-test was conducted to determine whether there was a signi? cant difference on these two cultural values among the Indian MBA students. The paired t-test revealed that the mean score of collectivism was signi? cantly higher than the mean score of individualism (paired samples t ? 22:82; p , 0:01). The mean scores of male and female students on the I/C dimension (Table III) suggest that both male and female MBA students in India had stronger collectivistic v alues (mean scores for males ? 42:63; for females ? 43:00) compared to individualistic values (mean scores for males ? 40:98; for females ? 0:04). Mean scores for the two types of career success orientation, protean and conventional, suggest that Indian management students were moderately high on both (protean mean ? 48:85, nine items; conventional mean ? 19:80, four items). Thus, freedom and growth, as well as position and salary, were important criteria of career success for these students. A paired t-test conducted between the two subscales (protean subscale and conventional subscale) revealed the protean career orientation to be signi? cantly higher among the Indian MBA students (paired samples t ? 43:56; p , 0:01).T-tests for group differences revealed no gender differences with respect to cultural values as well as career success orientation, among Indian MBA students. Relationship of factors in? uencing career choice and relationship types with individualism/collectivism Apar t from an attempt to explore the relative strength of I/C cultural values among Indian MBA students, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between individualistic and collectivistic value orientations at the individual level and the in? uence of various factors and relationships in making career choices among Indian management students.Pearson correlations were calculated in order to understand which career choice factors will be more in? uential for students with a more collectivistic or individualistic orientation. Individualism was found to be signi? cantly positively correlated with the â€Å"quality of life† (r ? 0:36; p , 0:01), â€Å"promotion opportunities† (r ? 0:22; p , 0:05), and â€Å"? nancial rewards† (r ? 0:35; p , 0:001) available in a management career. High collectivism was signi? cantly positively correlated with â€Å"love of a career in management† (r ? 0:26; p , 0:05), and â€Å"belief that one had a free choice in mak ing the career decision† (r ? :33; p , 0:001). Pearson correlations were also calculated between cultural values and types of relationships that in? uenced career choice of Indian MBA students to see whether students who differed in their levels of collectivism/ individualism also differed in the extent to which they were in? uenced by different types of relationships (father, mother, friends, etc. ) when making career choice. The results showed no signi? cant correlation between individualistic values and in? uence of relationship types on the career choice of Indian MBA students. However, a high level of collectivism was found to be signi? antly positively correlated with the in? uence of â€Å"father† on their career choice (r ? 0:24; p , 0:05). No other relationship type was found to have a signi? cant correlation with collectivism. The ? ndings of the present study are supported by studies conducted in other collectivistic societies such as Turkey. Career choice of management students 369 CDI 13,4 370 Relationship of factors in? uencing career choice and relationship types with career orientation Pearson correlations calculated between career orientation and factors in? uencing career choice and relationship types suggested that protean career orientation was signi? antly positively correlated with â€Å"skills, competencies, and abilities† (r ? 0:30; p , 0:005), â€Å"knowledge of labour/career market† (r ? 0:25; p , 0:05), â€Å"training and education opportunities† (r ? 0:36; p , 0:01), â€Å"quality of life† (r ? 0:23; p , 0:05), â€Å"love of this career† (r ? 0:27; p , 0:01), and â€Å"free choice† (r ? 0:23; p , 0:05). Conventional career orientation was found to be signi? cantly positively correlated with â€Å"quality of life† (r ? 0:50; p , 0:01), â€Å"promotion opportunities† (r ? 0:30; p , 0:005), â€Å"? nancial rewards† (r ? 0:55; p , 0:01), â€Å"training and educ ation opportunities† (r ? :22; p , 0:05), â€Å"ease of access to this career† (r ? 0:21; p , 0:05), and â€Å"success stories† (r ? 0:33; p , 0:001). With respect to relationship types, high protean career orientation was signi? cantly negatively correlated with the in? uence of â€Å"relatives† (r ? 20:27; p , 0:05) and positively correlated with the in? uence of â€Å"manager† (r ? 0:28; p , 0:05). Conventional orientation, on the other hand, was signi? cantly positively correlated with the in? uence of â€Å"mother† (r ? 0:26; p , 0:05), â€Å"father† (r ? 0:23; p , 0:05), and â€Å"manager† (r ? 0:26; p , 0:05).Discussion The study aimed to identify the factors and relationship types that in? uenced career choice of MBA students in India. The relationship of individualism/collectivism and protean/conventional career orientation with factors and types of relationships that in? uenced the career choice of these students was a lso explored. Indian MBA students considered their own â€Å"skills, competencies, and abilities† and â€Å"education and training† (intrinsic career choice factors) as playing the most signi? cant role in their choice of a management career. With respect to relationships, â€Å"father† exerted the greatest in? ence on their career choice. The results replicate the ? ndings of the study by Pines and Baruch (2007), and Pines et al. (2002) across ? ve countries (i. e. Israel, the UK, Turkey, Cyprus, and Hungary). Students opting for a managerial career may be similar in certain respects, irrespective of nationality. The important in? uence of â€Å"father† in career decision of Indian students may be understood in the context of a largely patriarchal society. The fact that the majority of the students had a professional background, their father being an executive/ professional, may also have in? uenced their career choice.Numerous studies have shown similar ities between parents’ occupations and their children’s career aspirations (Barling, 1990; Trice and Knapp, 1992). Findings on I/C suggest that even though Indian MBA students had a mix of both cultural values, they showed a de? nite preference for collectivism, thus supporting Hofstede’s (1980) ? ndings. Several other studies suggest that the Indian culture is collectivist (Sinha and Verma, 1987; Verma, 1999; Verma and Triandis, 1998). Evidence also suggests that Indian students exhibit a mix of both individualistic and collectivistic behaviors when I/C is seen as an individual level variable.Hence, I/C are not a bipolar dimension (Triandis, 1994). In a dynamic society characterized by economic liberalization and a Western pattern of education, students may be exposed ? n to both I&C value preferences, emphasizing both (Karakitapoglu-Aygu and Sayim, 2007; Ramamoorthy et al. , 2005). It is likely that Indians value both I&C, which coexist and jointly in? uence t he way they de? ne themselves, relate to others, and decide priorities in conforming to social norms (Sinha et al. , 2001). The relative salience of the situation will determine which of the two – collectivism or individualism – will be evoked (Tripathi, 1988).It is likely that Indian students who demonstrated high collectivistic orientation may make individualistic choices in situations that related to the individual’s career (Sinha and Tripathi, 1994). Similarly, students who showed higher individualism may make collectivist choices in a non-career context. The ? ndings about the relationship of factors and people in? uencing the career choice of Indian MBA students to cultural values may be explained within this context. In individualistic cultures, individuals are looking for individual advantage, career progression, autonomy and individual ? ancial security (Price, 1997); they believe they are responsible for their own future and are concerned with material possessions and social status (Di Cesare and Golnaz, 2003; Hofstede and Hofstede, 2005). A higher level of individualism among Indian students was found to be signi? cantly correlated with extrinsic factors (money, status, etc. ), suggesting that these students placed a greater value on material bene? ts, such as money, social prestige, and career advancement. Those students who had a collectivistic orientation emphasized â€Å"free choice† and â€Å"love of career† as important in? uences on their career choice.Collectivists tend to subordinate personal goals to group goals, and emphasize values of harmony, cooperation, and low levels of competition. Hence, high levels of collectivism may be associated with a desire to demonstrate that one had chosen the career out of free will, and not out of competition or pressure to conform, thus emphasizing harmony. Indian management students who were high on individualistic values were not in? uenced by their family or signi? c ant social networks in their choice of career. However, students who were high on collectivism were in? uenced by their father in ? their career choice decision.Similar ? ndings were reported by Karakitapoglu-Aygun and Sayim (2007) in a study of Turkish MBA students. Since the I/C dimension emphasizes separateness versus embeddedness in social relationships, it is expected that a collectivistic person may value support from others, especially from family members, in his/her career decision-making process, thus suggesting a positive relationship between collectivism and family relatedness (Kwan et al. , 1997). On the other hand, an individualistic person might not value the involvement of others, especially family members, in an important decision such as career choice.Indian management students demonstrated both protean and conventional career orientation, but were predominantly protean. According to Reitman and Schneer (2003), MBA graduates enjoy both self-managed and promised (con ventional) career trajectories. Except for one career choice factor – i. e. â€Å"quality of life† (extrinsic) – all other factors (â€Å"love of the career†; â€Å"skills and competencies†) that were positively correlated with protean career orientation in the present study were individual-centric.Studies have shown a protean career orientation to be positively related to subjective career success (in terms of career satisfaction) while the ? ndings with regard to objective career success (in terms of salary and promotion rate) have been inconsistent (Briscoe, 2004). Since the protean career orientation re? ects self-directedness, people/relationships may not in? uence career choice of protean individuals. The in? uence of manager on a protean individual’s career choice in the present study may suggest the protean individual’s desire for growth, and the perception of manager as a symbol of success.Career choice of management students 371 CDI 13,4 372 Individuals with higher conventional orientation, unlike those with protean orientation are not likely to be self-directed or in charge of their career. Therefore, factors like ease of access and success stories of others may play an in? uential role in their choice of career, as among Indian students. These individuals are also likely to be in? uenced by others, such as father and mother, in their career choice. These ? ndings may be viewed in conjunction with the predominantly collectivistic orientation of Indian students.Gender differences In terms of the â€Å"intrinsic† and â€Å"extrinsic† classi? cation of career choice factors, it appears that intrinsic factors (such as skills and competencies) were more important for female students in their choice of management career, while extrinsic factors were more important for male students. The results may be explained with reference to the traditional view of â€Å"managerial career† as being a â€Å"male† profession. Women face barriers to career success not faced by males (Simpson, 2000) and are assessed under stricter criteria than men (Morrison et al. , 1987).To progress women must prove that they have the competence to succeed. Hence, the inputs of education and training are more objective merits that help women to enhance their credibility and credentials (Melamed, 1996). The study revealed no gender differences on any other variable. Hall (2004) proposed that a person’s career orientation was unrelated to gender. Regarding the study of sex differences, Baumeister (1988) proposes that this is no longer necessary, while Eagly (1987) and Lefkowitz (1994) advocate the investigation of sex differences in organizational behavior.If obtained consistently across studies, even null ? ndings are important (Lefkowitz, 1994) since these would help establish that women and men are similar in many respects. Implications The ? ndings of the study may have an implic ation for vocational guidance and counseling among Indian students aspiring for a career in management. By gaining an insight into how students make their career choices, an effort can be made to guide students towards more realistic career choices. However, the ? ndings of the study have limited generalizability. Notes 1. See www. india-today. om/btoday/07051998/cover5. html/12/28/2007 2. 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Corresponding author Tanuja Agarwala can be contacted at: [email  protected] com 376 To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: [email  protected] com Or visit our web site for further details: www. emeraldinsight. com/reprints